* “TENSES” , “ACTIVE and PASSIVE VOICE”

I.Present Tense

A.Simple Present Tense

    *Kegiatan yang dilakukan pada masa kini (Sederhana)

    A.V.=> S + V1 + O

       P.V.=> S + Tobe + V3 + O

 Ex.:A.V. Kucing makan ikanku (The cat eats my fish)

       P.V. Ikanku dimakan kucing (My fish is eaten by the cat)

  

  B.Present Continous Tense

     *Kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan pada masa kini

     A.V.=> S + Tobe + V.ing + O

     P.V.=> S + Tobe + being + V.ing ₊ O

 Ex.:AV and PV= biso

   

  C.Present Perfect Tense

      *Kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan pada masa kini

     A.V.=> S + Have/has + V3 + O

     P.V.=> S + Have/Has + Been + V3 + O

 Ex.:A.V. John sudah mengerjakan PR.

        P.V. PR sudah dikerjakan oleh John.

  

  D.Present Perfect Continous Tense

   *Kegiatan yang sudah & masih berlangung pd masa kini.

     A.V. => S + Have/Has + Been + V.ing + O

     P.V. => S + Have/Has + Been + Being + V3 + O

 Ex.:A.V.Jim has been cleaning the blackbpard for one time.

       P.V.The blackboard has been being cleaned by Jim for one time.

II.Past Tense

  

  A.Simple past tense

      *Kegiatan yang dilakukan pada masa lampau

    A.V.=> S + V2 + O

      P.V.=> S + Was/Were + V3 + O

  Ex.:A.V.My mother washes my clothes

        P.V.Merry was born in 1999

  

 B.Past Continous Tense

     *Kegiatan yang sedang dilakukan di masa lampau.

     A.V.=> S + Was/Were + V.ing + O

     P.V.=> S + Was/Were + Being + V3 + O

  

 C.Past Perfect Tense

    *Kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan pada masa lampau.

    *Bisa pakai kata when(ketika)

     A.V.=> S + Had + V3 + O

     P.V.=> S + Had + Been + V3 + O

  

 D.Past Perfect Continous Tense

   *Kegiatan yang dilakukan pada masa lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung

         pada saat yang sama ketika kejadian lain menyusul.

    *Pakai kata When(ketika)

     A.V.=> S + Had + Been + V.ing + O

     P.V.=> S + Had + Been + Being + V3 + O

III.Future Tense

 A.Simple Future Tense

      *Kegiatan yang dilakukan pada masa yang akan dating

     A.V.=> S + Will + V1 + O, (or) S + Be Going To + V1 + O ->Pasti

     P.V.=> S + Will + Be + V3 + O

 B.Future Continous Tense

     *Kegiatan yang akan sedang berlangsung di masa yang akan datang

      pada waktu yang sudah ditentukan.

    A.V.=> S + Will + Be + V.ing + O

    P.V.=> S + Will + Be + Being + V3 + O

 C.Future Perfect Tense

     *Kegiatan yang sudah dilakukan di masa yang akan datang.

    A.V.=> S + Will + Have + V3 + O

    P.V.=> S + Will + Have + Been + V3 + O -> yang sudah di…

 D.Future Perfect Continous Tense

     *Kegiatan di masa yang lampau, masih berlangsung sampai sekarang,

      dan akan berlangsung di masa yang akan datang.

    A.V.=> S + Will + Have + Been + V.ing + O

    P.V.=> S + Will + Have + Been + Being + V3 + O

* AUXILIARIES VERB

Subject	To Be	To Do	To Have	Object	Prhasa
I	Am -> Was	Do	Have	Me	My
You	Are	Do	Have	You	your
We	Are -> Were	Do	Have	Us	Our
They	Are	Do->did->Done	Have	Them	Their
He	Is	Does	Has	Him	His
She	Is -> Was	Does	Has	Her	Her
It	Is	Does	Has	It	Its

Pedoman Pemakaian “Be” dalam kalimat Passive:

1.Present tense                  :Is, Am, Are

2.Present Continous Tense : Is, Am, Are + being

3.Present Perfect Tense    : Have, Has + Been

4.Past Tense                      : Was, Were

5.Past  Perfect Tense        : Had Been

6. Past Continous Tense     : Was, Were + Being

7. Future Tense                 : Shall, Will + Be

8. Future  Perfect Tense   : Shall, Will + Have Been

9.Modal                              : Modal + Be

10.Modal Perfect               : Modal + Have Been

*MODAL AUXILIARIES

Modal Auxiliaries adalah jenis modal yang berfungsi untuk memberikan arti

tertentu pada kata kerj pokok pada sutu kalimat.

Present	Past
Will => Akan	Would => Akan
Shall => Akan	Should =>Harus / Seharusnya
Can / Be able to…=> Dapat/Boleh	Could => Dapat / Boleh
May => Mungkin / Boleh	Might => Mungkin / Boleh
Must/Have/Has To => Pasti/Harus	Had To => Pasti/Pasti

*MODAL  PASSIVE

Modal passive yaitu kalimat passive yang menggunakan modal auxiliaries.

1.Can = bisa, dapat

   S +  Can  + Be + V3 => bisa di…

2.Will = akan

   S + Will + Be + V3 => akan di…

3.Must = harus (keharusan)

   S + Must + Be + V3 =>harus di…

*MODAL PERFECT

Rumus Umum:S + Modal Perfect + Have + V3 + O

1.Must = Pasti telah… (Kesimpulan)

  S + Must + Have + V3 + O

2.May / Might = Mungkin telah/belum…

   S + May/Might + Have + V3 + O

3.Should / Ought to = Seharusnya sudah/telah…

   S + Should/ought to + Have + V3 + O

4.Could = Pada dasarnya bisa…

   S + Could + Have + V3 + O

*CONDITIONAL SENTERCES

=> Conditional senterces adalah kalimat penggandaan.

=> Conditional centerces dibagi menjadi 3 bentuk yaitu:

    1.Cond. Senterces Type I => Future conditional

    2.Cond. Senterces Type II => Present Unreal

    3.Cond. Senterces Type III => Past Unreal

Rumusnya:

Type	If Clause (Anak kalimat)	Main Clause (Induk Kalimat)
I	If + S + V1 + O        Are,Is,Am	S + Modal Present + V1 + O           May               Be           Can           Must           Will
II	If + S + V2 + O            Were	S + Modal Past + V1 + O           Would      Be           Might           Could
III	If + S + Had + V3 + O                      Been	S + Modal Future + Have + V3 + O           Would           Might           Could           Must

PREFERENCE

1.Prefer = Lebih suka

  Digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa seseorang lebih suka A daripada B.

a.Noun (kata benda)

  S + Prefer + Noun + To + Noun

b.Verb (Kata Kerja)

   S + Prefer + V.ing + to + V.ing

   S + prefer + To + V1 + Rather than + To + V1

   S + Would Rather + V1 + Than + V1

2.Like = Suka

   a.Noun (Kata Benda)

     S + Like + Noun

     S + Like + To + Noun

     S + Like + Noun + Better Than + Noun

   b.Verb (Kata Kerja)

      S + Like + V.ing

      S + Like + V.ing + To + V.ing

      S + Like + V.ing + Better Than + V.ing

3.Instead Of = Daripada

   Digunakan untuk menggantikan kata To, Rather than, Better than, than

   S + Instead Of + V.ing

   S + Instead Of + Noun

*Degres Of Comparison

Digunakan untuk membandingkan suatu benda dengan benda yang lain atau

seseorang dengan orang yang lain .

Degres of comparison terdiri dari 3 tingkatan yaitu:

1.Positive Degre = Tingkat Biasa

  a.Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kesamaan

    S + Tobe + As + Adj + As + O

  b.Digunakan untuk menunjukkan ketidaksamaan

     S + Tobe + Not + As + Adj + As + O -> Or

     S + Tobe + Not + So + Adj + As + O  

2.Comparative Degre

   Digunakan untuk menunjukan bahwa suatu benda melebihi benda yang lain.

   S + Tobe + Adj + Er + Than + O

   S + Tobe + More + Adj + Than + O

3.Superlative Degre

   Dugunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu benda jauh lebih melebihi benda lain

 atau seseorang jauh lebih melebihi daripada orang lain.

S + Tobe + The + Adj + Est + Of + O

                                          Among / Beetwen

 *RELATIVE CLAUSE

Relative clause digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua kalimat yang sama (subjek maupun objek-nya) menjadi satu kalimat majemuk. (perhatikan terjemahan dalam bahasa Indonesia dengan cermat sehingga dapat menggunakannya dalam menerjemahkan!)

1.For Person (Orang)

  Dalam bahasa Indonesia kata tanya Who/Which/Whose and That diartikan dengan kata “YANG”

 a.Subject :Who

  Ex:-The man lives next door. He is very friendly  =>The man Who lives next door is very friendly

      -We know a lot of people. They live in London  =>We know a lot of people Who live in London

b.Object :Whom

  Ex:-The man was on holiday. I wanted to see him  =>The man Whom I wanted to see was on holiday

       -The girl left after a week. He feel in love with her =>The girl With Whom he feel in loveleft him                                                                      after a week

 c.Possesive (milik) : Whose

  Ex:-We saw some people. Their car had broken down =>We saw some people Whose car had broken down

        -This is the girl. You saw her picture Yesterday =>This is the girl Whose picture you saw yesterday

2.Fof Things ( Untuk segala macam kata benda yang bukan orang)

  a.Subject : That/Which   

   Ex:The Windows have been repaired now. They were broken

        =>the windows that were broken have been repaired now


By: Agustian Tatogo